Everyone has heard of the French Revolution, but fewer are familiar with the armed uprisings of the early 19th century, mostly in Paris. Contrary to popular belief, Les Misérables is not actually about the French Revolution of 1789-94 - rather, it is about the aftermath of this world-shaking event, and the difficult transition from monarchy to democracy. The French Revolution violently overthrew the French monarchy and aristocracy, establishing a democratic government based on equality, liberty, and fraternity. It also resulted in the violent deaths of hundreds of people. The French Revolution, in many ways, marked the death of the rule of kings and the beginning of democratic governance. However, this history-altering event did not happen easily or even irreversibly. Persistent dire poverty and inequality dampened the promise of the Revolution: much of the populace did not see any chance in their lives, despite the stated goals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Additionally, Napoleon took control shortly after the Revolution and led France on a magnificent but costly series of military conquests.
After Napoleon's defeat during the invasion of Russia in 1814 resulted in his removal from power, and in this power vacuum, parties loyal to the monarchy restored Louis the XVIII (younger brother of Louis XVI, who was guillotined in the revolution).
