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Sagot :
Answer:
The conflict has been a longstanding feature of the Philippines, with two long-running insurgencies, and a number of other types of conflict and violence. The current situation is complex and dynamic, with an “increasingly fragmented array of violent extremist organizations” (TNC, 2019).
The conflict has been a longstanding feature of the Philippines, with two long-running insurgencies, and a number of other types of conflict and violence. The current situation is complex and dynamic, with an “increasingly fragmented array of violent extremist organizations” (TNC, 2019). In the current day, the main types of violence and conflict include violence by state actors against civilians; clan-related violence; political and armed conflicts by nationalist/separatist groups in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago; a communist-inspired guerrilla campaign (mainly in western Mindanao); violent extremist and criminal groups; anti-drug vigilantes; other criminal violence; domestic and gender-based violence; protests; violence around elections; and local conflicts over resources and community rights.
- Poverty, lack of opportunities, land dispossession and marginalisation – A key driver of violent extremism in Mindanao is longstanding historical grievances against the national government, this especially draws on feelings that the Muslim minority population has been marginalised by the dominant Christian population. There has been an acute sense of political and cultural alienation, and economic marginalisation.
- State responses – The government’s response to violent extremism has been predominantly military and hindered by a lack of coordination across government agencies (ICG, 2019; TSN, 2019). Key grievances are the perception that the state military campaigns have been heavy-handed; protracted internal displacement following the battles and slow state reconstruction processes; human rights abuses by the military; and the sense of betrayal by the government during peace negotiations.
- Lack of rule of law, governance weaknesses, clan politics and criminality – Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago’s remoteness and weak governance makes those regions the most vulnerable in the Philippines to violent extremist recruitment and training. Extortion of large commodity exporters and mining companies by insurgent groups is a proximate driver of conflict.
- Lack of rule of law, governance weaknesses, clan politics and criminality – Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago’s remoteness and weak governance makes those regions the most vulnerable in the Philippines to violent extremist recruitment and training. Extortion of large commodity exporters and mining companies by insurgent groups is a proximate driver of conflict.Religious education and leaders – Extremist preachers in the Philippines have played an important role in recruiting insurgents from Islamic education institutions, informing and leading extremist cells, and in teaching extremist views.
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