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Sagot :
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In the 19th century, the Philippines underwent social, political, economic, and cultural changes.
1. Social Changes: The political and social enfranchisement of the Filipino people was seen through the propaganda movement and the formation of the revolutionary society called the Katipunan, among others. The reforms that were done included such things as the elimination of polo y servicios, which was an oppressive system, and the opening of secular schools. Or we are known as "sapilitang paggawa." Another disadvantage of having the Philippine tax system is that each Filipino family has their own tax.
2. Political Changes: The Spanish colonial rule was not without incidences from the Filipinos, who eventually rose up in a revolt leading to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. The first taste of freedom that Filipinos got was in the First Philippine Republic, when we were able to raise our flag, although it was small and not for a long time again because of the Philippine-American War.
3. Economic Changes: The Philippines experienced the development of cash crop productions, especially sugar, tobacco, and hemp, to supply the global market. It can therefore be seen that with Manila opening up to world trade after 1834, there was a significant expansion of commerce, bringing about the urbanization of this country.
4. Cultural Changes: Consequently, various aspects of Filipino society were impacted by the Americans, especially the arts, literature, education, and religion. Clothes during the 19th century were also changed.which were effective in weakening the authority of the Catholic Church and thus promoting different views in culture and life. Introducing Doctrina Doctrina Christiana as part of their religion.
All in all, the Filipinos’ fight for independence, rise in economy, and attempts to build a nation with a Spanish and American touch during the duration of the 19th century were full of social, economic, and political struggles.
19TH CENTURY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Describe and analyze the social, political, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in the 19 th century in the Philippines.
In the 19th century, the Philippines underwent significant changes across social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions:
1. Social Changes:
- Urbanization and Migration: The population grew, and cities expanded due to increased trade and colonial administration.
- Class Stratification: The society became more structured with distinct classes: the wealthy elite (principalia), middle class, and lower classes.
- Education: The establishment of schools by Spanish missionaries and later by the colonial government led to a rise in literacy among Filipinos.
2. Political Changes:
- Spanish Colonial Rule: The Philippines remained a colony of Spain throughout the century, leading to centralized control under Spanish governors and friars.
- Resistance Movements: Various uprisings, such as the Katipunan, emerged against Spanish rule, reflecting growing nationalist sentiments among Filipinos.
- Reforms: Attempts by Spain to reform its colonial administration and grant limited representation to Filipinos through the establishment of municipal governments.
3. Economic Changes:
- Agricultural Expansion: Cash crop production (like sugar and tobacco) expanded, leading to increased exports but also dependency on global markets.
- Land Ownership: Large haciendas (plantations) controlled by the elite emerged, leading to landlessness among many rural Filipinos.
- Trade and Commerce: Manila became a major trading hub in Asia, facilitating trade with neighboring countries and Europe.
4. Cultural Changes:
- Religion: Catholicism/Christianism became widespread due to Spanish missionary efforts, blending with indigenous beliefs and practices.
- Language: Spanish became the language of the elite and administration, while Tagalog and other indigenous languages continued to be spoken widely.
- Arts and Literature: Filipino intellectuals began to write about nationalism and identity, contributing to the development of a distinct Filipino national consciousness.
These changes laid the groundwork for the eventual Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule at the end of the century, marking a significant shift towards independence and self-governance in the early 20th century.
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