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Explain that the earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow​.

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ashrieIIe

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[tex]\sf\pink{ᯓ★}[/tex] The Earth can be divided into four main subsystems: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.

Matter and energy constantly flow across the boundaries between these subsystems.

[tex]\sf\pink{ᯓ★}[/tex] The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth, composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen.

It protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.

[tex]\sf\pink{ᯓ★}[/tex] The hydrosphere includes all water found on, under, and above the Earth's surface.

It plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's temperature and climate, and is essential for life.

[tex]\sf\pink{ᯓ★}[/tex] The lithosphere is the solid outermost shell of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

It provides the foundation for life and is the source of many natural resources.

[tex]\sf\pink{ᯓ★}[/tex] The biosphere is the global ecosystem, encompassing all living organisms and their relationships.

It interacts with the other subsystems, influencing and being influenced by them.

[tex]\sf\pink{ᯓ★}[/tex] Matter and energy constantly cycle between these subsystems.

For example, water evaporates from the oceans (hydrosphere) into the atmosphere, condenses into clouds, and falls back to Earth as precipitation.

This water cycle is driven by energy from the sun.

[tex]\sf\pink{ᯓ★}[/tex] Human activities can disrupt these natural cycles, leading to environmental problems like climate change, pollution, and resource depletion.

Understanding the interconnectedness of Earth's subsystems is crucial for sustainable management of our planet.

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