Answer:
Volume percent, represented as vv%vv%, is commonly used to represent the concentration of binary mixtures of liquids, as liquids are often measured in volume. For example, when you buy isopropanol at the store (rubbing alcohol), you’ll notice that it says 70% (vvvv), which means by volume. This tells you that the solution is 70% isopropanol.
The equation for volume percent is pretty straightforward:
vv%=volume of solutevolume of solution×100vv%=volume of solutevolume of solution×100
So, returning to our rubbing alcohol, 70% (vvvv) means that for every 100 mL of solution, there are 70 mL of the solute, isopropanol.
70%=volume of solute100 mL×10070%=volume of solute100 mL×100
Volume of solute = 70 mL
Let’s consider a bottle of wine, listed as 12% ABV (alcohol by volume, which is another way of saying volume percent).
12%=volume of solute750 mL×10012%=volume of solute750 mL×100
The bottle is 750 mL, which means the wine contains 90 mL of ethanol.
We’ve demonstrated in these two examples that given the total volume of solution and the volume percent, it’s pretty simple to calculate the volume of solute.
However, if you plan on making a solution with a certain volume percent, you should be aware of a slight caveat when you’re working in the laboratory. Let’s consider another example.
Let’s say you want to make a 70% vvvv solution of ethanol in water. You prepare beakers of 70 mL ethanol and 30 mL water. By mixing them together, you believe this will give you the 70% vvvv mixture you desire.
But when you pour the 70 mL of ethanol and 30 mL of water into your graduated cylinder, you actually find that you’ve come up short! Your graduated cylinder only has 96 mL of solution. How is that possible?
As you mixed the two liquids, the ethanol and water molecules began to interact with each other, packing together in a different way than in either pure ethanol or pure water. This results in a new density of the solution and thus, a volume that does not equal the sum of the two original volumes. In other words, the volume of solution, the denominator of our volume percent equation, does not equal the volume of solute plus the volume of solvent. In the case of water and ethanol, their mixture has less volume than the sum of the pure liquids.
So how do you actually prepare a 70% vvvv solution of ethanol in water? Instead of adding the premeasured liquids together, you would fill a graduated cylinder with 70 mL ethanol and then top up to 100 mL with water. This way, you’ve reached a total volume of 100 mL, 70 of which are ethanol, but you added a bit more water than you initially expected.
The difference between the volume of solute plus the volume of solvent and the volume of the solution is typically pretty small, so you’ll often be instructed to assume that they are the same.
For example, you might get a question like, what is the volume percent of ethanol in a mixture of 40 mL ethanol and 80 mL water (assume that the volume of solution is 120 mL).
vv%=40 mL120 mL×100=33.3% ethanol vv
