Answer:
a. Succession: It is the process by which the species in the environment like plants, marine environment, etc, change their structure over time. For example, forest fire. The burning of the entire forest results in the disappearance of plants and animals in that area, but after some time, new plants return to that area again which is called succession.
b. Energy flow between trophic level: It is the process by which the transfer of energy takes place between the organisms in the food web or by the food cycle. For example, producers make their energy with help of sunlight, which is eaten by herbivores to gain energy. Herbivores are then eaten by carnivores and omnivores to generate energy in their body.
c. Limiting factors: The resources in the environment like food, air, a temperature that limits the ability of an organism to survive are called limiting factors. An example is the availability of food. In presence of food, the organism can generate energy in their body easily, but in shortage of food, the body of the organism becomes weak and limit the survival chance of an organism.
d. Carrying capacity criteria: It is the quantity of an organism that a particular habitat occupies. It is related to limiting factors. For example, if an area supports 100 deers, but the quantity is increased to 500, it increases the death of deers due to starvation. The death of extra deers in that area determines the carrying capacity of that area and only some deers to live in it.
