the resources of the chosen language, to anticipating the reactions of the intended readers. The first skill area involves acquiring a writing
system, which may be alphabetic (as in European languages) or nonalphabetic (as in many Asian languages). The second skill area
requires selecting the appropriate grammar and vocabulary to form acceptable sentences and then arranging them in paragraphs. Third,
writing involves thinking about the purpose of the text to be composed and about its possible effects on the intended readership. One
important aspect of this last feature is the choice of a suitable style. Because of these characteristics, writing is not an innate natural
ability like speaking but has to be acquired through years of training or schooling (Swales & Feak, 1994, p. 34). This text used which
pattern of development?
a. General to particular
b. Claim and counterclaim
c. Problem-solution
d. Cause-and-effect