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Criminals and Crime:
Crime is not a new concept. It has been around since the beginning of civilization, and the theories of why people commit crimes have changed as crime trends have evolved. Theories of crime causation are something everyone should know because anyone can become the victim of a crime. This lesson will serve as a basis to learn not only the definition of criminal theories but also how to apply those theories to modern society.
There are many competing theories, and no one theory is considered the 'gold standard'. Many theories have emerged to try to explain criminal behaviors. Some theories are not very common, while others have been changed over time. Criminologists take into account psychology, biological aspects, sociology, and many other aspects to further develop crime theories. Let's talk about those theories that are the most common in the criminal justice industry.
Crime Theories:
Rational choice theory is based on the premise that people commit acts because of rewards; since those rewards are perceived as being greater than the risks of those acts, the acts are perceived as being rational. Those committing the acts see themselves as an individual rather than as a part of an organization, family, or society. It is a self-interest decision to commit a crime versus the chance of getting caught. A good example of the rational choice theory is white-collar crime. A bank employee may decide to take money from customer accounts and hide the theft by creating false invoices, debits, and credits to sustain his/her lifestyle. The banker weighs the options of his/her choice and concludes that stealing customer money outweighs the chance of being caught.
Social disorganization theory holds that the choices someone makes are made as a result of that person's physical and social environments. The location is key in this theory; it's theorized that areas with high crime rates are ones with a mix of cultures, are impoverished, or contain a decaying neighborhood.
Strain theory centers on the idea that people may have similar ambitions, but they do not have similar abilities or opportunities. When someone cannot achieve their aspirations through legitimate means such as hard work, they turn to crime as a means to achieve success. The strain theory holds that when a society has high standards, lower-income individuals may feel they are failing to achieve social status or a certain wealth, and as a result, may resort to crime as a means to an end.
The three main concepts of the strain theory include:
- An individual cannot achieve his/her goals, such as status or money
- The individual has lost positive reinforcement.
- Negative reinforcement occurs through physical or verbal abuse
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